Mechanism of Youguiwan Regulating BMP-2/Smad Signaling Pathway to Promote Bone Formation in Postmenopausal Rats with Osteoporosis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Youguiwan on bone metabolism and bone morphogenetic protein-2 （BMP-2）/Smad signaling pathway in ovaries-removed rats with osteoporosis and study the mechanism of Youguiwan in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. MethodA postmenopausal rat model of osteoporosis was prepared by bilateral ovariectomy. The 40 female SD rats were randomly divided into five groups， including sham operation group， model group， alendronate sodium group （0.1 mg·kg-1）， and high-dose and low-dose （5.36 and 2.68 g·kg-1） groups of Youguiwan. The drug was given seven days after modeling， once a day for 12 weeks. After the treatment， the changes in femur tissue structure were observed by micro-CT， including bone mineral density （BMD）， bone volume/total volume （BV/TV）， trabecular number （Tb.N）， trabecular thickness （Tb.Th）， bone surface/bone volume （BS/BV）， and trabecular separation （Tb.Sp）. Ossification was observed by saffrane-solid green staining， and serum levels of bone metabolism markers， including bone alkaline phosphatase （BALP）， osteocalcin （BGP）， type Ⅰ procollagen amino terminal propeptide （PINP）， and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b （TRACP-5b）， were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The protein and mRNA expression levels of Runx2， BMP-2， and Smad1 in rat femur were detected by Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultCompared with the sham operation group， bone trabecula in the model group was sparse. BMD， BV/TV， Tb.N， and Tb.Th were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. BS/BV （P<0.05） and Tb.Sp were increased. The content of BGP， BALP， PINP， and TRACP-5b in serum was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2， BMP-2， and Smad1 in rat femur were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the number of bone trabeculae in the high-dose and low-dose groups of Youguiwan was increased， and the bone microstructure was improved. BMD， BV/TV， Tb.N， and Tb.Th were increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and BS/BV and Tb.Sp were increased. The content of bone metabolic markers decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionYouguiwan has certain preventive and therapeutic effects on postmenopausal osteoporosis， and its mechanism may be related to promoting bone formation by regulating the BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway.

Histomorphological Observations in Reproductive Organs of Wistar Rats Administered with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia

Effort to explore the adverse effect of the plant, Momordica charantia on mammals has remained inadequate despite previous attempt by earlier investigators. More glaring is the paucity of information on the histomorphological effect of the plant’s aqueous leaf extract hence the need to determine possible alteration of tissue structures in reproductive organs of adult Wistar rats which may affect their functions. This study aimed at determining the effect of Momordica charantia aqueous leaf extract (MCALE) on the reproductive organs of experimental adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty five rats (male and female) weighing 180-200g were randomly divided into five (5) groups of five rats each. The experimental groups, A to D were fed on standard diet and administered with 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight /day of MCE orally using gavage for 30 days. Rats in the control groups were fed on standard diet and physiological saline orally. Organs were harvested, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (ovaries) and Bouin’s fluid (testes), embedded in molten paraffin wax, sectioned with a rotary microtome and stained with the haematoxylin and eosin technique. Stained slides were examined using the Olympus microscope. Results: Sections of ovaries administered 100 mg/kg of the extract showed vesicular spaces in corpus luteum and enlarged blood vessels. Sections treated with 200 mg/kg revealed follicular cyst and mild vacuolation of zona granulosa. Sections of the ovaries administered 400 mg/kg revealed degenerative changes, follicular cyst, mild vacuolation and reduction of zona granulosa layer while those treated with 800 mg/kg showed severe vacuolation of the zona granulosa layer. Conclusion: Momordica charantia caused histomorphological changes in ovaries of Wistar rats which could cause hormonal imbalance and infertility in females. No histomorphological changes were observed in male testes.

Case of Left Inguinal Hernia with an Unknown Syndrome

Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes are rarely found as content of indirect Inguinal Hernia even though Inguinal Hernia is a common entity encountered in surgeons daily practice. We report a case of 13 year old female presented with Left Indirect Irreducible Inguinal Hernia with Fallopian Tube and Ovary as a content along with some rare findings of unilateral renal agenesis along with C7 Bifida vertebrae

Evaluation of the impacts of insulin on ovulation in Nigerian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a cross-sectional sonographic study

Background:Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic state characterized by a decrease in cellular ability to respond to insulin signaling, which contribute to pathophysiological mechanism in the development of all metabolic complication of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of thestudy wasto match categorized values of patient’s biochemical predisposing factors for polycystic ovaries such as insulin with change in follicular sizes as determined by sonography following CLOMID inducement therapy. Methods:This experimental study was carried out in Anambra State, Nigeria from June 2018 to May 2021.Those included in the study were women of child bearing age (18 to 45 years) for both groups. The ultrasound examinations and insulin levels measurements were performed on each subject and data such as follicular sizes, insulin levels before and after treatment were recorded. Obtained data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results:There were no statistically significant mean differences in the insulin levels (t=1.16, p=0.81) and maximal follicular size (t=0.39, p=0.70) of women with and without polycystic ovary who had successful and failed ovulation before the clomid treatment. Both the insulin level (t=2.85, p<0.01) and follicular size (t=4.88, p<0.01) showed statistically significant mean differences. There was significant difference in insulin (F=7.55, p<0.01), with the control having the lowest insulin concentration. Conclusions: There were statistically significant mean differences in the insulin level and follicular size in women with polycystic ovary after clomid treatment. Therefore, clomiphene citrate inducement triggers increase in serum concentration of insulin.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical and Laboratory Findings and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Assessed by Elastography / Síndrome dos ovários policísticos e síndrome metabólica: Achados clínicos e laboratoriais e doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica avaliada por elastografia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), adding liver assessment through elastography and ultrasound, for correlation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolic syndrome occurs in~43% of women with PCOS, and NAFLD is the hepatic expression of MetS. Methods One hundred women, 50 with PCOS and 50 controls, matched by age (18- 35 years) and body mass index (BMI) were included, restricted to patients with overweight and obesity grade 1, at the Assis Chateaubrian Maternity School, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. For the diagnosis of PCOS, we adopted the Rotterdam criteria, and for the diagnosis of MetS, the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATP III). Hepatic elastography and ultrasound were performed to assess liver stiffness and echotexture, respectively. Results The average ages were 29.1 (±5.3) and 30.54 (±4.39) years, for the PCOS and the control group, respectively. Patients with PCOS had a risk 4 times higher of having MetS, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)=4.14, than those in the control group. Women with PCOS had higher average of abdominal circumference (100.9±9.08 cm vs 94.96±6.99 cm) and triglycerides (162±54.63 mg/dL vs 137.54±36.91mg/dL) and lower average of HDL cholesterol (45.66±6.88 mg/dL vs 49.78±7.05 mg/dL), with statistically significant difference. Hepatic steatosis was observed on ultrasound in women with PCOS; however, with no statistically significant difference. There was no change to NAFLD at elastography in any group. Conclusion Women with PCOS had 4-fold higher frequency of MetS andmore hepatic steatosis, with no statistically significant difference. There was no change in liver stiffness between the groups at elastography. The results can be extended only to populations of overweight and obesity grade 1, with PCOS or not. They cannot be generalized to other untested groups.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP) e a síndrome metabólica (SM), agregando avaliação do fígado por elastografia e ultrassonografia, para correlação com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). A SM ocorre em cerca de 43% dasmulheres comSOP, e DHGNA é a expressão hepática da SM. Métodos Foramincluídas 100 mulheres, pareadas por idade (18-35 anos) e índice de massa corporal (IMC), 50 comSOP e 50 controles com sobrepeso e obesidade grau I, na Maternidade-Escola Assis Chateaubriand, Brasil. Para o diagnóstico de SOP, adotamos os critérios de Rotterdam e, para o diagnóstico de SM, os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATP III). Elastografia hepática e ultrassonografia foram realizadas para avaliar a rigidez e a ecotextura do fígado, respectivamente. Resultados As médias de idade foram de 29,1 (±5,3) e 30,54 (±4,39) anos para os grupos SOP e controle, respectivamente. Pacientes com SOP apresentaram risco 4 vezes maior de SM do que aquelas no grupo controle [[razão de chances (intervalo de confiança de 95%) = 4,14]. Mulheres com SOP tiveram maior média de circunferência abdominal (100,9±9,08cm vs 94,96±6,99 cm) e triglicérides (162±54,63 mg/dL vs 137,54±36,91 mg/dL) e menor média de colesterol HDL (45,66±6,88 mg/dL vs 49,78±7,05mg/dL), com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Esteatose hepática foi observada em ultrassonografias de mulheres com SOP, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. Não houve mudança para DHGNA na elastografia em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão Mulheres com SOP tiveram frequência quatro vezes maior de SM e mais esteatose hepática, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. Não houve mudança na rigidez do fígado entre os grupos na elastografia. Os resultados podem ser estendidos apenas a populações com sobrepeso e obesidade grau 1, com SOP ou não. Eles não podem ser generalizados para outros grupos não testados.

Linfoma no Hodgkin primario de vagina o cuello uterino. Un diagnóstico en ocasiones incierto: a propósito de un caso / Primary non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma of vagina or cervix. A diagnosis sometimes uncertain: about a case

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La afectación primaria del aparato genital femenino por un linfoma no Hodgkin es excepcional, se reporta en 0.2 a 1.1% de los casos. Los órganos afectados con más frecuencia son los ovarios, seguidos del cuello uterino; el endometrio y la vagina son los menos aquejados. Debido a su baja frecuencia aún no se llega a un consenso del tratamiento más adecuado de estos linfomas; hasta ahora, por lo general, se ha individualizado para cada caso en concreto. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 29 años que consultó por sangrado genital anómalo e incapacidad para la inserción de tampones vaginales. En la exploración se encontró una masa pélvica, palpable a través de la vagina, que impresionaba al infiltrar toda la luz vaginal y la parte media e izquierda de la vulva. En los estudios de imagen se objetivó una gran masa pélvica de hasta 10 centímetros que parecía depender del cuello del útero y que se extendía e infiltraba el canal vaginal, la vulva y el tercio inferior de la vejiga. El reporte anatomopatológico de la biopsia fue: infiltración de pared vaginal por un linfoma no Hodgkin B difuso de células grandes. Se le indicaron seis ciclos de quimioterapia con ciclofosfamida, vincristina, adriamicina y prednisona con los que se consiguió la remisión metabólica completa. CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico del linfoma genital primario puede resultar complejo por la posibilidad de simular una neoplasia ginecológica. En casos de enfermedad avanzada, la manifestación clínica más frecuente es el sangrado genital anómalo. El esquema de tratamiento más aceptado en la actualidad es con rituximab-ciclofosfamida, vincristina, adriamicina, prednisona seguido de radioterapia de consolidación.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary involvement of the female genital tract by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is exceptional, reported in 0.2 to 1.1% of cases. The most frequently affected organs are the ovaries, followed by the cervix; the endometrium and vagina are the least affected. Due to their low frequency, there is still no consensus on the most appropriate treatment of these lymphomas; until now, it has generally been individualized for each specific case. CLINICAL CASE: A 29-year-old female patient consulted for abnormal genital bleeding and inability to insert vaginal tampons. On examination a pelvic mass was found, palpable through the vagina, which impressed by infiltrating the entire vaginal lumen and the middle and left side of the vulva. Imaging studies showed a large pelvic mass of up to 10 centimeters that appeared to be dependent on the cervix and that extended and infiltrated the vaginal canal, the vulva and the lower third of the bladder. The anatomopathological report of the biopsy was: infiltration of the vaginal wall by diffuse large cell non-Hodgkin's B lymphoma. She was prescribed six cycles of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin and prednisone with which complete metabolic remission was achieved. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of primary genital lymphoma can be complex because of the possibility of simulating a gynecologic neoplasm. In cases of advanced disease, the most frequent clinical manifestation is abnormal genital bleeding. The most accepted treatment scheme at present is rituximab-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, prednisone followed by consolidation radiotherapy.

Hernia útero inguinal derecha atascada en mujer en edad fértil: reporte de un caso / Incarcerated right utero inguinal hernia in a woman of reproductive age: case report

Resumen Introducción: La hernia de pared abdominal es una patología habitual; la presentación más frecuente es de tipo inguinal, cercano a un 70% del total. La incidencia de un saco herniario inguinal conteniendo ovarios y trompas de Falopio, es un hecho reportado en 2,9% de los casos. Caso clínico: Se presenta una paciente, sexo femenino, de 42 años de edad, con historia de hernia inguinal derecha de larga data, ingresa por aumento de volumen doloroso e irreductible, en región inguinal derecha, no impresiona estrangulada; ingresa a pabellón de urgencia. Dentro de los hallazgos quirúrgicos destacan saco herniario que contiene útero y ambos ovarios, sin compromiso vascular. Paciente evoluciona de forma favorable egresando 2 días posterior a la cirugía.

Introduction: Abdominal wall hernia is a frequent pathology, the most frequent hernia are the inguinal type, closed to 70% of all. Although the incidence of inguinal hernial sac containing ovary and Fallopian tubes are reported on a 2.9% of the cases. Case Report: Female patient 42 years old, with a long-term history of right inguinal hernia, with sudden pain and irreducible increase of volume in the correspondent inguinal zone that doesn't look strangled; she was admitted to the emergency operating room. Among surgical findings hernia's sac content was uterus and both ovaries with no signs of vascular compromise. The patient's favorable evolved let her to be discharged from the hospital after 2 days from post operative care

Lesions of the sheep reproductive system found in a slaughterhouse in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Lesões do sistema reprodutor em ovelhas de abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia

The present study aimed to evaluate and diagnose pathologies of the reproductive system of slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia since there are few data on the subject as well as it is important to note the diagnosis of these diseases to apply appropriate control and prophylaxis measures. The research was carried out in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia according to the "Serviço de Inspeção Federal" and "Serviço de Inspeção Estadual" for sheep slaughter. From July 2018 to February 2019, visits and monitoring of 1,072 slaughtered sheep were carried out. The animals came from 22 municipalities in the state of Bahia, aged from six to 18 months. During slaughter, the sheep reproductive systems were sectioned for evisceration and lesion collection. Additionally, epidemiological surveys related to origin, age, and race were obtained. For bacteriological examination, collections were performed with sterile scalpel slides and swabs in Stuart medium sterile tubes and refrigerated in a thermal box. For histopathological analysis, fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and routinely processed for histology, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). A study of the sheep's main pathological changes in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia was carried out, in which 1.072 genital systems were evaluated, and 211 alterations were identified. The most affected reproductive organs were the ovaries (65.3%), followed by the uterus (29.4%) and uterine tubes (5.3%). In the ovaries, the most frequent lesion was a follicular cyst (34.1%); in the fallopian tubes, the cysts represented 3.3% of the lesions, and in the womb, endometritis was observed in 9% of the animals. Other pathologies identified in the ovaries were: luteinized cyst (2.3%); cystic granulosa cell tumor (0.5%); benign lesion (0.5%); agenesis unilateral (0.5%), in addition to other changes of little clinical significance, such as corpus luteum cysts (11.8%) and paraovarian cysts (15.6%). In the fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx was observed (1%), as well as adenoma (0.5%), agenesis (0.5%), and cysts (3.3%). Uterine lesions included hydrometra (2.3%); Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH), abscess, and pyometra (1.4% each); adenomyosis, womb sera petechiae, and total segmental aplasia (1% each); two pregnant uterus, in early pregnancy, presented pyometra (0.9%), however, no change was observed in the fetuses; and uterine polyp (0.5%). Ectopic pregnancy with fetal maceration (0.5%) was observed; vaginitis occurred in 0.5% of the animals, and endometrial melanosis in 8.5%. The high incidence of follicular cysts and endometritis are characterized as diseases that reduce the reproductive efficiency in herds, causing infertility and economic losses in production.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e diagnosticar alterações do sistema reprodutor de ovelhas abatidas em abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em abatedouros frigoríficos do estado da Bahia com Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Estadual no abate de ovinos. No período de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019 foram realizadas visitas e acompanhamento do abate de 1.072 ovelhas. Os animais eram provenientes de 22 municípios do estado da Bahia, com idade entre 6 a 18 meses. Durante o abate, na evisceração foram seccionados os sistemas reprodutores das ovelhas para avaliação e coleta das lesões. Adicionalmente foram obtidos inquéritos epidemiológicos relacionados à procedência, idade e raça. Para o exame bacteriológico, as coletas foram realizadas com lâminas de bisturi estéreis e swabs em tubos estéreis com meio Stuart e refrigeradas em caixa térmica. Para análise histopatológica, os fragmentos foram fixados em formol a 10% e processados de forma rotineira para histologia e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina (HE). Entre 1.072 sistemas genitais avaliados, identificou-se 211 alterações. Os órgãos do sistema reprodutor mais acometidos foram os ovários (65,3%), útero (29,4%) e tubas uterinas (5,3%). Nos ovários, a lesão mais frequente foi o cisto folicular (34,1%); no útero a endometrite (9%) e nas tubas uterinas, os cistos representaram (3,3%). Outras lesões identificadas nos ovários foram: cisto luteinizado (2,3%); tumor de células da granulosa (0,5%); adenoma (0,5%); agenesia unilateral (0,5%), além de outras alterações de pouco significado clínico, como cistos paraovarianos (15,6%) e corpo lúteo cístico (11,8%). Nas tubas uterinas observou-se, além dos cistos tubo-ovarianos (3,3%), hidrossalpinge (1%), adenoma (0,5%) e agenesia (0,5%). As lesões uterinas foram endometrite (9%), hidrometra (2,3%); hiperplasia endometrial cística, abscesso e piometra (1,4% cada); adenomiose, petéquias na serosa do útero e aplasia segmentar (1% cada); dois úteros gravídicos, em início de gestação, apresentaram piometra (0,9%), porém os fetos não apresentaram alterações; e pólipo uterino (0,5%). Observou-se uma gestação ectópica com maceração fetal (0,5%); a vaginite ocorreu em 0,5%, e melanose endometrial em 8,5%. Destaca-se a elevada incidência de cistos foliculares e endometrite que são doenças que reduzem a eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos, provocando infertilidade e perdas econômicas na produção.(AU)

Reproductive biology, morphology, and morphometry of ovaries and oviducts of Trachemys scripta elegans in Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva, morfologia e morfometriade ovários e ovidutos de Trachemys scripta elegans no Cerrado Brasileiro

Although Trachemys scripta elegans is an exotic species popular as a pet in Brazil, studies on reproductive biology and capacity are non-existent in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study analyzed ovarian and oviduct characteristics and the egg production capacity of T. scripta elegans grown in this biome. The findings will associate with the size of the specimens and the sexual maturity, aiming at comparisons with native and exotic populations, as well as interspecific and contributing to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. Thus, 39 females had evaluated the body biometry and the morphology and morphometry of the ovaries and oviducts. G2 (N=20): with Class I (>5-10mm) follicles, with Class I and Class II (>10-fold) follicles, 25mm) and G3 (N=9) with Class I, Class II and Class III (>25mm) follicles. Analysis of variance, Scott-Knott's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in body biometry; in the mean gonadosomatic index and gonadal morphometry, only the width of the oviducts in the right antimer and the mass and width in the left antimer were higher in G3, the only one that presented eggs. There was positive and harmonic development between body mass, carapace, and plastron, and gonadal growth occurred concomitantly with body growth, indicating a higher reproductive potential and a positive relationship between the size of the litter and the female litter. The gonadosomatic index proved to be an excellent reproductive indicator, and the ovarian evaluation was a better indicator of sexual maturity than the maximum carapace length. Ovaries were irregular structures, without delimitation between the cortical and medullary regions and filled with vitelogenic follicles of different diameters, atresic follicles, and corpora lutea, which reflected the ovarian complexity of the species and the presence of follicular hierarchy. In the scarce stroma, two germinative beds were observed per ovary and the presence of gaps very close to the follicles and associated with the blood vessels. Analysis of gonadal tissue revealed three types of oocytes according to cytoplasmic characteristics: homogeneous, vesicular or vesicular in the cortex with apparent granules. Oviducts were functional and separated, joining only in the final portion to form the cloaca and subdivided into infundibulum, tuba, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. The structure of the uterine tube was composed of serosa, muscular and mucous, which was full of glands. The presence of eggs in the oviducts indicated that the specimens can reproduce in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study provides necessary and relevant information on the reproductive biology and capacity of T. scripta elegans in the Brazilian Cerrado and can contribute to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. The extraction of females with capacity can reduce the annual reproductive yield of the species and decrease its effect on local biodiversity.(AU)

Embora Trachemys scripta elegans seja uma espécie exótica popular como animal de estimação no Brasil, estudos sobre biologia e capacidade reprodutivas são inexistentes no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo analisou características ovarianas e do oviduto e a capacidade de produção de ovos em T. scripta elegans criadas neste bioma, correlacionando estes achados ao tamanho dos espécimes e a maturidade sexual, visando comparações com populações nativas e exóticas, bem como interespecíficas e contribuir para a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação. Assim, 39 fêmeas tiveram avaliadas a biometria corporal e a morfologia e morfometria dos ovários e ovidutos. De acordo com o tamanho dos folículos ovarianos as fêmeas foram separadas em G1 (N= 10): com folículos Classe I (>5-10 mm), G2 (N= 20): com folículos Classe I e Classe II (>10-25 mm) e G3 (N= 9) com folículos Classe I, Classe II e Classe III (>25 mm). À análise de variância, teste de Scott-Knott e à análise de correlação de Pearson verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na biometria corporal; no índice gonadossomático médio e na morfometria gonadal, apenas a largura dos ovidutos no antímero direito e a massa e a largura no antímero esquerdo foram maiores no G3, o único que apresentou ovos. Houve desenvolvimento positivo e harmônico entre massa corporal, carapaça e plastrão e o crescimento gonadal ocorreu concomitante ao crescimento corporal, indicando maior potencial reprodutivo e relação positiva entre o tamanho da ninhada de ovos e o da fêmea. O índice gonadossomático mostrou-se um bom indicador reprodutivo e a avaliação ovariana um melhor indicador da maturidade sexual que o comprimento máximo da carapaça. Ovários foram estruturas irregulares, sem delimitação entre a região cortical e medular e repletos de folículos vitelogênicos de diferentes diâmetros, folículos atrésicos e corpos lúteos, que refletiram a complexidade ovariana da espécie e a presença de hierarquia folicular. No estroma escasso foram observados dois leitos germinativos por ovário e a presença de lacunas muito próximas aos folículos e associadas aos vasos sanguíneos. A análise do tecido gonadal revelou três tipos de oócitos de acordo com as características do citoplasma: homogêneo, vesicular ou vesicular no córtex com grânulos aparentes. Ovidutos eram funcionais e separados, unindo-se apenas na porção final para formar a cloaca e subdividiam-se em infundíbulo, tuba uterina, istmo, útero e vagina. A estrutura da tuba uterina era constituída de serosa, muscular e mucosa, a qual era repleta de glândulas. A presença de ovos nos ovidutos indicou que os espécimes podem se reproduzir no cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo fornece informações básicas e relevantes da biologia e capacidade reprodutivas de T. scripta elegans no Cerrado brasileiro e pode contribuir com a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação, uma vez que a extração de fêmeas com capacidade reprodutiva pode contribuir com a diminuição do rendimento reprodutivo anual da espécie e diminuir seu efeito sobre a biodiversidade local.(AU)

Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Precocity in a Common Condition

@#<p>A nine-year old myxedematous girl with short stature, isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty and bilateral multicystic ovaries underwent pelvic laparotomy due to an acute abdomen because of adnexal torsion. She also delayed bone, age, severe hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, hyperestrogenism and pituitary adenoma. All of these findings led to the diagnosis of Van Wyk Grumback Syndrome, which is a rare condition characterized by long standing untreated hypothyoidism, pseudoprecocious puberty and nulticystic ovaries. Adminsitration of levothyroxine efected gradual regression and reversal of symptoms. This case highlight the significance of recognizing the clinical features of this syndrome in order to medically treat the child and thus, prevent its undesirable effects in the physial andmental growth an dpossible surgical cimplications that ay affect her future reproductive capacity.</p>

Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome: A rare cause of precocity in a common condition

hypothyroidism, precocious puberty, multicyctic ovaries, Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome@#

Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops / Anatomia dos órgãos reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas de percevejos praga (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) das culturas de soja e arroz

Abstract: Pentatomidae comprises a diverse group of stink bugs widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Many species are phytophagous and cause injuries to plants, and can thus be defined as agricultural pests. In this study, the anatomy of the female and male reproductive tracts of three important agricultural pests in Colombia is described: Piezodorus guildinii Westwood, 1837 and Chinavia ubicaRolston 1983, found on soybeans, and Oebalus insularis Stål, 1872, found in rice crops. For that, light microscopy techniques were used. The anatomy of the reproductive tract of sexually mature males of the three species studied consisted of a pair of testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory bulb, an ejaculatory duct that opens into an aedeagus, and paired accessory glands. The reproductive tract of females consisted of a pair of ovaries, each with seven telotrophic-meroistic ovarioles, a pair of lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca, and a genital chamber. Telotrophic ovarioles were comprised of terminal filament, tropharium, vitellarium, and pedicel. Differences in size, color, and position of structures along the reproductive tract were observed between the species examined. Reproductive biology of insects provides informative characters for behavioral and evolutionary studies, as well as useful data for pest control strategies.

Resumo: Pentatomidae compreende um diverso grupo de percevejos amplamente distribuídos na região Neotropical. Muitas espécies são fitófagas e causam algum tipo de injúria em plantas, podendo se configurar como pragas agrícolas. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a anatomia do trato reprodutor de machos e fêmeas em três importantes pragas agrícolas da Colômbia: Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood 1837) e Chinavia ubica (Rolston 1983) na cultura de soja e Oebalus insularis (Stål 1872) na cultura do arroz. Para isto, foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia de luz. A anatomia do trato reprodutor em machos sexualmente maduros nas três espécies consistiu de um par testículos, vasos deferentes, vesículas seminais, bulbo ejaculatório, um ducto ejaculatório que se abre em um aedeagus e glândulas acessórias pareadas. O trato reprodutor das fêmeas consistiu de um par de ovários, cada um com sete ovaríolos telotróficos-meroísticos, um par de ovidutos laterais, uma espermateca e a câmara genital. Os ovaríolos telotróficos possuíam quatro diferentes regiões: filamento terminal, germário, vitelário e pedicelo. As diferenças entre as espécies foram observadas no tamanho, cor e posição das estruturas ao logo do trato reprodutivo. A biologia reprodutiva de insetos gera caracteres que fornecem informações para trabalhos envolvendo evolução, comportamento e estratégias de controle de pragas.

Gonotrophic discordance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the occurrence of gonotrophic discordance in females of Culex quinquefasciatus in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Resting females were collected monthly for 8 months. Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus were identified, and their midgut and ovaries were dissected. RESULTS: Two hundred females were dissected, out of which, 27.5% were nulliparous and 57% were parous. Most females had no blood in the midgut, but gonotrophic discordance was found in 21% females. CONCLUSIONS: Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed a high parity rate and gonotrophic discordance, which could favor the vector capacity of this species.

Ultrasound monitoring of the uterus and ovaries of dominant and subordinate females of yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) in captive colonies during the ovarian cycle and anestrus periods / Acompanhamento ultrassonográfico do útero e ovários de fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de macacos-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e macacos-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) em colônias cativas, durante o ciclo ovariano e períodos de anestro

The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P<0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P<0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P<0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P<0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P<0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P<0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P<0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.(AU)

O macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e o macaco-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) encontram-se em risco de extinção devido a destruição do seu habitat e a caça predatória. Porém, ainda necessita-se elucidar alguns detalhes de sua fisiologia reprodutiva, para obterem-se melhores índices por meio de reprodução assistida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ciclo ovariano de 13 fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de S. xanthosternos (n=8) e S. robustus (n=5) por meio de cortes ultrassonográficos sagitais e transversais do útero e dos ovários. Estas fêmeas foram examinadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses. A fase do ciclo ovariano/anestro foi confirmada pela colpocitologia. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstrou diferença significativa (P<0,05) relacionada ao diâmetro crânio-caudal, diâmetro dorso-ventral e diâmetro transversal entre as fêmeas subordinadas em anestro com todas as outras fases do ciclo ovariano e classes sociais. A média do volume uterino foi maior nas fêmeas dominantes que nas subordinadas em todas as fases do ciclo (P<0,05) a exceção da fase folicular. A largura endometrial, durante o período de anestro, foi menor nas fêmeas subordinadas quando comparada às dominantes (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas subordinadas, houve diferenças (P<0,05) nas mensurações endometriais entre o período de anestro e das fases folicular e lútea. Quanto aos ovários, as médias das medidas observadas nas fêmeas dominantes foram superiores as das subordinadas durante o anestro (P<0,05). As médias das medidas das variáveis ovarianas das fêmeas subordinadas apresentaram diferenças entre o anestro e as fases folicular e lútea (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas dominantes o volume do ovário direito foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo durante o anestro e na fase folicular (P<0,05). Folículos e corpos lúteos foram diferenciados pela ultrassonografia na maioria das coletas (86,11%). Durante o anestro não foram observadas estruturas ovarianas mensuráveis nos ovários em ambas as classes sociais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia empregada neste estudo permitiu o acompanhamento do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas S. xanthosternos e S. robustus e que as fases do ciclo/anestro e a classe social das fêmeas influenciaram as medidas do útero e ovários.(AU)

Paraganglioma with a very rare presentation

Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare tumors of neural crest origin, with a malignancy rate of approximately 10% and a 5-year survival rate of <50%. We present a case of malignant PGL arising from the porta hepatis with metastasis to the portal lymph node and bilateral ovaries. PGLs arising from the porta hepatis are very rare. As per our knowledge, only three cases of hepatic duct PGL have been reported. It is important to detect it earlier because the treatment modality and prognosis of benign and malignant PGL differs and defines the prognosis of the patient.

Studies on structure and maturation of the ovaries in girls / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#Since a human being was born, female reproductive organs, particularly the structure and function of the ovaries are constantly changing. The findings of overseas studies referred hereunder show that the ovarian follicular growth and atresia in young girls occur simultaneously, continuously and actively. The histopathology and ultrasound examination of the ovaries in girls were similar in principles. We found that ovarian maturation is influenced by hormonal stimulation, not only by age. In the most of the study, ovarian follicles were divided into two groups; as micro-cysts (<9mm) and macro-cysts (>9mm). </br> In every country, physical development of inhabitants shall be researched academically in every 5 to 10 years, comparing to geography, nature, weather conditions, culture, occupation and livelihood of local residents, in connection with the social and economic development of the country; urban and rural areas. In the studies regarding physical growth and development of Mongolian children’s body, structure and maturation of the ovaries in girls have not been determined. However, in 1996, Tuul M. studied ovarian measurements in Mongolian adults sampling organs from cadavers. Fundamental research determining the characteristic of ovarian structure and maturation in Mongolian girls and comparing results with an onset of puberty is needed to be developed.

Disgenesia gonadal mixta: un caso de síndrome de Turner en mosaicismo 45,X/47,XYY / Mixed gonadal dysgenesis, a case of Turner syndrome in mosaicism 45,X/47,XYY

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Alrededor de 45% de los pacientes con síndrome de Turner tienen línea monosómica 45,X. La existencia del cromosoma Y en mosaicos corresponde a 2-5% de los casos. La severidad del fenotipo se relaciona con el porcentaje y distribución de las células normales, inclusive se estima que 90% de las presentaciones en mosaico podrían no llegar a tener diagnóstico. OBJETIVO: Reportar un caso atípico de una adulta joven con síndrome de Turner en mosaico 45,X/47,XYY. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 27 años de edad, que acudió a consulta al Hospital Universitario de Santander, Colombia, debido al antecedente de amenorrea primaria, apariencia femenina normal, talla y peso promedio para la población colombiana, mamas Tanner 3 y genitales externos Tanner 5. La resonancia magnética nuclear reportó: hipoplasia uterina y ovarios atróficos. El cariotipo de alta resolución diagnóstica fue de síndrome Turner en mosaico 45,X[60%]/47,XYY [40%]. CONCLUSIÓN: En mujeres con amenorrea primaria y talla baja debe sospecharse el síndrome de Turner. En virtud de la variedad fenotípica, las condiciones en mosaico pueden retrasar el diagnóstico hasta la adultez. Incluso 90% de los mosaicos pueden no diagnosticarse.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Approximately 45% of patients with Turner syndrome have monosomic line 45, X. The existence of the Y chromosome in mosaics corresponds to 2 to 5% of the cases, the severity of the phenotype is related to the percentage and distribution of normal cells, it is even estimated that 90% of mosaic presentations may not have diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To present an atypical case of a young adult with Turner syndrome in mosaic 45,X / 47,XYY CLINICAL CASE: A 27-year-old woman visits the University Hospital of Santander for a history of primary amenorrhea, normal female appearance, average height and weight for Colombian population, Tanner 3 breasts and external genitalia Tanner 5. Magnetic resonance imaging reports uterine hypoplasia, ovaries and discards a pituitary tumor. High-resolution karyotype diagnoses Turner mosaic syndrome 45,X [60%] / 47,XYY [40%]. CONCLUSION: Turner's syndrome should be suspected in women with primary amenorrhea and low stature, however, mosaic conditions may delay their diagnosis until adulthood due to their phenotypic variety, up to 90% of the mosaics can reach no have diagnosis.

Gonadal development of Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869) (Perciformes: Stromateidae) from Southeast of the Gulf of California, Mexico / Desarrollo gonádico de Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869) (Perciformes: Stromateidae) del Sureste del Golfo de California, México

The gonadal development assessment is a fundamental work in researching the reproduction of Peprilus medius, on the way to understand its population dynamics and to achieve a sustainable management of its fisheries. The diagnosis based on morphochromatic features is the quicker, more practical and cheaper method, and properly validated, it may be an accurate procedure. This is particularly useful in researches when it is required to provide prompt and accurate information to support decision-making for fisheries management, and during long-term fisheries monitoring to detect changes in reproductive patterns due to environmental anomalies. These are issues of concern in P. medius and other fishery resources. In this context, a scale that describes the gonadal development through morphochromatic and histological features is presented, and plus anatomical observations of the reproductive organs. Ovarian development was characterized through six phases: immature, development (sub-phases: early and late), mature, spawning (sub-phases: partial and partial post-spawning), post-spawning and resting. Testicular development was described through five phases: immature, development, ejaculation, ejaculated and resting. The position and shape of the reproductive organs are apparently defined by the shape of the fish and the visceral cavity. P. medius's gonads show a gonadal lobe at lower position and an upper lobe in the visceral cavity, and both lobes presented a horizontal placement from gonopore toward the back of the fish. In addition, gonadal deformities occurrence due to deformities in the visceral cavity was evidenced. We recommend to use presented descriptions as a guide in gonadal assessment.

La evaluación del desarrollo gonádico es una labor fundamental para investigar la reproducción de Peprilus medius, en vías a comprender la dinámica de sus poblaciones y lograr un manejo sustentable de sus pesquerías. El diagnóstico a partir de características morfocromáticas es el método más rápido, práctico y barato, y adecuadamente validado puede ser un procedimiento preciso. Este es particularmente útil en investigaciones cuando se requiere aportar información rápida y precisa que apoye la toma de decisiones de manejo pesquero, y durante los monitoreos pesqueros de largo plazo, que permiten detectar cambios en los patrones reproductivos debido a anomalías ambientales. Estos son temas preocupantes en P. medius y otros recursos pesqueros. En ese contexto se presenta una escala que describe el desarrollo gonádico a través de características morfocromáticas e histológicas, y además se presentan observaciones anatómicas de los órganos reproductores. El desarrollo ovárico fue caracterizado a través de seis fases: inmadura, desarrollo (subfases: inicial y avanzado), maduro, desove (subfases: parcial y postdesove parcial), postdesove y reposo. El desarrollo testicular fue descrito a través de cinco fases: inmadura, desarrollo, eyaculación y reposo. La posición y forma de los órganos reproductores están aparentemente definidos por la forma del pez y su cavidad visceral. Las gónadas de P. medius muestran un lóbulo gonádico en posición inferior y uno superior en la cavidad visceral, y ambos lóbulos presentan una colocación horizontal desde el gonoporo hacia la parte posterior del pez. Además se evidencia la ocurrencia de deformidades en las gónadas debido a deformidades en la cavidad visceral. Recomendamos utilizar las descripciones presentadas como una guía en la evaluación de las gónadas.

The potential of standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia in the regulation of the oestrous cycle of rats

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) standardized extract on the oestrous cycle, levels of reproductive hormones and histology of the ovaries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Female rats were orally treated with E. longifolia standardized extract at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/kg of body weight over 5 days. Vaginal smears were monitored daily within the duration and after withdrawal of the treatment before being sacrificed. The body weights of the females were recorded before and after the 5 days treatment. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected for determination of testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels. Ovaries were removed, weighed and examined for histomorphological changes. Results: The administration of E. longifolia standardized extract did not significantly alter the oestrous cycle of the rats during the 5 days treatment and after withdrawal of the treatments. This was supported by normal testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels as well as normal morphology of the ovaries. Conclusions: The data obtained showed that E. longifolia standardized extract did not exhibit any toxic effect on reproductive activities of female rats suggesting potential use in the management of infertility.

The potential of standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia in the regulation of the oestrous cycle of rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) standardized extract on the oestrous cycle, levels of reproductive hormones and histology of the ovaries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods Female rats were orally treated with E. longifolia standardized extract at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg/kg of body weight over 5 days. Vaginal smears were monitored daily within the duration and after withdrawal of the treatment before being sacrificed. The body weights of the females were recorded before and after the 5 days treatment. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected for determination of testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels. Ovaries were removed, weighed and examined for histomorphological changes. Results The administration of E. longifolia standardized extract did not significantly alter the oestrous cycle of the rats during the 5 days treatment and after withdrawal of the treatments. This was supported by normal testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone levels as well as normal morphology of the ovaries. Conclusions The data obtained showed that E. longifolia standardized extract did not exhibit any toxic effect on reproductive activities of female rats suggesting potential use in the management of infertility.